The region is traversed by sandy ridges that run parallel to the coast. The soil of the swamps is clay, in which a great deal of peat has formed. The region, covering some 6,600 square miles (17,000 square km), consists of swampland. South of the mudbanks begins the New Coastal Plain, also formed from sand and clay from the mouth of the Amazon. The narrow coastal zone, some 226 miles (364 km) long, consists of sandbanks and mudbanks deposited by the southern equatorial currents from the area surrounding the mouth of the Amazon River (located to the east of Suriname, in Brazil). The area in contention with French Guiana is the 5,000-square-mile (13,000-square-km) region between the Itany and Marouini rivers in the southwestern corner of French Guiana. In 2007 a United Nations international tribunal settled another long-standing boundary dispute between the two countries, in which Suriname was awarded one-third of a disputed area of the Caribbean Sea. In addition to claiming the New River Triangle, Suriname also contests its border with Guyana along the Courantyne: Suriname claims sovereignty over the entire river and thus views its west bank as the border, while Guyana claims that the thalweg, or deepest channel of the river, is the boundary. The dispute with Guyana centres on the New River Triangle, a 6,000-square-mile (15,600-square-km) area between two tributaries of the Courantyne River in southern Guyana. Suriname is involved in territorial disputes with both Guyana and French Guiana that are legacies of colonial rule. Suriname is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, by French Guiana to the east, by Brazil to the south, and by Guyana to the west. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.From tech to household and wellness products. Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.
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Meanwhile, Henrietta's family continued to live in poverty and frequently poor health, and their discovery decades later of her unknowing contribution-and her cells' strange survival-left them full of pride, anger, and suspicion. Known as HeLa cells, their stunning potency gave scientists a building block for countless breakthroughs, beginning with the cure for polio. A sample of her cancerous tissue, taken without her knowledge or consent, as was the custom then, turned out to provide one of the holy grails of mid-century biology: human cells that could survive-even thrive-in the lab. Henrietta Lacks was a mother of five in Baltimore, a poor African American migrant from the tobacco farms of Virginia, who died from a cruelly aggressive cancer at the age of 30 in 1951. And from that same life, and those cells, Rebecca Skloot has fashioned in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks a fascinating and moving story of medicine and family, of how life is sustained in laboratories and in memory. "synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.Īmazon Best Books of the Month, February 2010: From a single, abbreviated life grew a seemingly immortal line of cells that made some of the most crucial innovations in modern science possible. Intimate in feeling, astonishing in scope, and impossible to put down, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks captures the beauty and drama of scientific discovery, as well as its human consequences. She was consumed with questions: Had scientists cloned her mother? Did it hurt her when researchers infected her cells with viruses and shot them into space? What happened to her sister, Elsie, who died in a mental institution at the age of fifteen? And if her mother was so important to medicine, why couldn’t her children afford health insurance? Over the decade it took to uncover this story, Rebecca became enmeshed in the lives of the Lacks family-especially Henrietta’s daughter Deborah, who was devastated to learn about her mother’s cells. As Rebecca Skloot so brilliantly shows, the story of the Lacks family-past and present-is inextricably connected to the dark history of experimentation on African Americans, the birth of bioethics, and the legal battles over whether we control the stuff we are made of. And though the cells had launched a multimillion-dollar industry that sells human biological materials, her family never saw any of the profits. Henrietta’s family did not learn of her “immortality” until more than twenty years after her death, when scientists investigating HeLa began using her husband and children in research without informed consent. Now Rebecca Skloot takes us on an extraordinary journey, from the “colored” ward of Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1950s to stark white laboratories with freezers full of HeLa cells from Henrietta’s small, dying hometown of Clover, Virginia-a land of wooden slave quarters, faith healings, and voodoo-to East Baltimore today, where her children and grandchildren live and struggle with the legacy of her cells. Yet Henrietta Lacks remains virtually unknown, buried in an unmarked grave. HeLa cells were vital for developing the polio vaccine uncovered secrets of cancer, viruses, and the atom bomb’s effects helped lead to important advances like in vitro fertilization, cloning, and gene mapping and have been bought and sold by the billions. If you could pile all HeLa cells ever grown onto a scale, they’d weigh more than 50 million metric tons-as much as a hundred Empire State Buildings. The first “immortal” human cells grown in culture, they are still alive today, though she has been dead for more than sixty years. She was a poor Southern tobacco farmer who worked the same land as her slave ancestors, yet her cells-taken without her knowledge-became one of the most important tools in medicine. Her name was Henrietta Lacks, but scientists know her as HeLa. Now a major motion picture from HBO® starring Oprah Winfrey and Rose Byrne. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The exhibit includes exclusive video interviews with people such as Bono and Jimmy Carter, and combines them with interactives, photography and artifacts to examine how music has both shaped and. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Louder Than Words: Rock, Power & Politics looks at some of the most important debates in our country through the lens of rock music. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Since then it’s been making its rounds around the United States. The “Louder than Words” exhibit then traveled to Washington DC to exhibit at the Newseum as the first leg of it’s tour. Closing in November 2016, The Rogers Company returned to remove and pack everything into custom built containers needed for traveling. It ran thru the summer and was used for private events during the RNC Convention. The official name of the exhibit became “Louder than Words: Rock, Power and Politics” and opened on May 20th, 2016.
Two of 59 patients (3.4%) with disease upstaged to invasive cancer had inadequate primary staging of the axilla, as the rate seemed sufficiently small. Among the 202 patients who underwent SLNB, 145 (71.7%) without invasive cancer on final pathology had redundant SLNB. SLNB was performed in 37.2% of 145 breast-conserving surgery patients and 91.4% of 162 total mastectomy patients. The rate of sentinel lymph node metastasis was only 1.9% (4/202), and all were total mastectomy patients diagnosed by core-needle biopsy. DCIS diagnosed by core-needle biopsy (odds ratio : 6.861, 95% confidence interval : 2.429–19.379), the presence of ultrasonic mass-forming lesions (OR: 2.782, 95% CI: 1.224–6.320), and progesterone receptor-negative status (OR: 3.156, 95% CI: 1.197–8.323) were found to be associated with upstaging. The rate of upstaging to invasive cancer was 19.2% (59/307). Univariate analyses using Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Data from clinical records, including imaging studies, axillary and breast surgery types, and pathology results from preoperative and postoperative biopsies, were extracted. We retrospectively analysed 307 consecutive DCIS patients diagnosed by preoperative biopsy in a single centre between 20. We also examined surgical patterns among DCIS patients and determined whether SLNB guidelines were followed. This study aimed to evaluate the upstaging rates of DCIS to invasive cancer, determine the prevalence of axillary lymph node metastasis, and identify the clinicopathological factors associated with upstaging and lymph node metastasis. It is to your advantage to write the code for this yourself.Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is unnecessarily performed too often, owing to the high upstaging rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It is an error to try to delete the sentinel from the list. When you append to the list, the appended node gets placed just before the sentinel. The head pointer may be changed, but the sentinel pointer must not be. When you create a new list, you create a sentinel node for it, too initially, the list's head and sentinel pointers will both point to that node. A pointer to the list's head node would be a member of this structure, and in the sentinel-terminated-list case, so would be a pointer to the sentinel node. Personally, I would be inclined (in the non-sentinel case, too) to have a structure to represent an overall list, separate from the structure used to represent a list node. There are many ways to implement the details, all with their own advantages and disadvantages. a list that is expected to have a sentinel is invalid if it does not have one.each list need a place to store the sentinel's identity.list manipulation algorithms need to be written differently for linked lists whose ends are marked by a sentinel than for those whose ends are marked by some other means.the identity of the sentinel node is a property of the whole list, not of any (other) particular node.There will not be real data associated with a sentinel node, so a list containing only a sentinel node is logically empty.Ī few things follow from that, including: Let's start with the most important point: the purpose of a sentinel node, which is to mark the end of the list. Thing on the list when its created and the last when other nodes areĪdded.There should be a pointer to permanently point to the Sentinel Now, if I want to create the sentinel node, how should I proceed?Īccording to the slides i have, the sentinel node should be the first P = (struct List *)malloc(sizeof(struct List)) There should be a pointer to permanently point to the Sentinel Node.Īll those stuff confuse me and I would love some help with the implementation. According to the slides I have, the sentinel node should be the first thing on the list when it's created and the last when other nodes are added. I'm trying to learn more about linked lists in C and I recently stumbled upon the Sentinel Node concept, but I can't wrap my head around it. In spite of the fact that there is a tremendous accumulation of noteworthy channels, you can simply buy premium ones. What’s more, SuperPhoto has classified segments into Combos, Compositions, Edges, Examples, Channels, and so on so you can apply them without botching up. At the point when contrasted with different applications, impacts incorporated into SuperPhoto are more creative. This application likewise requires web association with work, yet it has a tremendous accumulation of impacts you can apply to the photographs you have taken or Facebook photographs. Apart from these amazing features, PhtoFunia supports multi types of image formats and also gives you the facility to resize and change pixels of your photos, edited or unedited. Also, the effects are so awesome that you could be looking in any mirror or posing for a photo shoot while lying on green grass. The amazing themes available online in this app lets you even change locations, for example, you could simply a click a photo of yours and place it on a pre-determined location available on this app, say Eiffel Tower, and it shall appear as if you were actually standing below the giant tower. You need not be any stalwart in order to use PhotoFunia, as this app is so user-friendly that it makes your editing and desires smooth and subtle. Because it’s a web app internet connection is a must to use this amazing photo editor. This free photo editing application for Windows Phone works in versions 7.5 and later. Even if you haven’t used PicsArt before, it won’t be tough for you to go easy on it. The best feature of this app is its user friendliness. With PicsArt, you can diversify your editing by using a wide variety of templates and frames to come up with outstanding collage. This amazing photo editor after using makes your photos not just merely photos or stills but pieces of art using various filters, overlays, effects, text, and many more creative tools. PicsArt provides you the perfect combination of tools to deliver and edit your best. The best feature of PicsArt apart from its awesome photo editing features is that it’s a social platform in itself, where photographers from across the globe can share their amazing clicks and edits online with anyone in any part of the world. Earlier only Lumia 10 supported this app in the Windows phones but now it’s available for all Windows run devices. PicsArt is photo editing software available free for Windows Phone. Windows Phone 8 or Windows Phone 8.1 are the prerequisites for this application to run on your device. It’s so user-friendly and apart from the effects, it gives you the option of orientation, resizing and much more. You can also create collages from your the enormous collection of various photos in yours. This application gives you the liberty to apply a diverse variety of preset effects, themes, frames and stickers that just make the photographer inside you more creative. Let us start with Fotor, which is an online sit that lets users edit photo online. The atom toolbar (right) allows you to select an atom by clicking on one of the frequently used atoms or select an atom from periodic table icon at the top of the toolbar.The template tool bar (bottom) allows you to select predetermined structures e.g., benzene ring, cyclopentane, or cyclohexane.Draw by dragging from the toolbar and clicking on the canvas using any of the various bond types, symbols, or charges. In this activity, students will create a grid that illustrates four chemical reactions.They should be sure to include the reactants, products, and the equation in their finished product. If G (-) ve then equilibrium will displace in forward direction. If G (+) ve then equilibrium will be displace in backward direction. Free Energy changes (G): If G 0 then reversible reaction would be in equilibrium. The drawing tool bar (left) can be used to clear the canvas or delete parts of an object. Creating models of chemical reactions is super important to help students understand how things change and how atoms balance. Use the Formulas for Chemical Equilibrium to have a quick revision and learn the fundamentals involved.A general tool bar (top) includes import, export, undo, cut, paste, view, and settings.The tool contains four tool bars, placed around the drawing canvas: Chemical Equation Calculator is a free online tool that displays the structure, balanced equation, equilibrium constant, substance properties with chemical.Click on an item in the pop up menu to set atom and bond properties, attach data to atoms and bonds, or set query properties on atoms. Right-clicking on an object on the canvas brings up a pop-up menu that allows you to manipulate the objects and structures on the canvas. Use the canvas to construct, import, or edit your molecules. SMILES SMARTS InChI MDL Molfile ISIS Sketch ISIS TGF ChemDraw CDX ChemDraw XML CML MRV Sybyl SLN JME SMD PNG Image PICT Image GIF Image WMF Image SVG Image EPS Image MIF Image SWF Image PDF Image.Hover over the icons to learn the function of the chemical structure drawing tools.This script produces code for writing chemical equations with double arrows and oxidation numbers which can be directly embedded into HTML websites, forums. Please let us know how we can improve this web app.Instructions for using the structure search and drawing tool: Enter an equation of a chemical reaction and click 'Submit' (for example: 3Mn2++2MnO4-+2H2O 5mno2+ 4h+ or cuso45h2o (s)->cuso4h2o (s)+4h2o (g) ). The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants and the substances formed are the products. A chemical reaction transforms one or more substances into a set of different substances.
Refillable: Eventually, if you’re doing it right, you’re going to run out of sheets in your journal. We’ll only say that the blankness of an unlined page offers a range of possibilities from writing to doodling to diagramming. Other paper considerations, including color, or lined vs. Thicker paper will prevent the ink from your pen from bleeding through to the other side, and will better withstand everyday mishaps like spilled coffee or long journeys in the bottom of your book bag. Paper: The paper sheets in a good journal should be a great deal thicker than what you’d find in a spiral-bound notebook, for example. If you do choose to purchase vegan leather, we advise doing a little research into the chemical process, as vegan leather has been criticized for its negative impact on the economy. Real leather is thicker and generally much more durable than its pleather counterparts. Leather: Whether genuine or vegan, high-quality leather should feel soft and supple, not stiff. Quality, however, is more quantifiable, and there are a few indicators of a quality product you should take note of (no pun intended). What to Look for In a Leather Notebookīy definition, a journal is personal, which means that we can’t prescribe the best look and feel of the book for you. Scholars of the future might not consider your personal journals precious historical documents. These notebooks are arguably more attractive than, say, a spiral collegiate notebook, and there’s something about the leather binding that suggests it will outlive you. Journaling has been studied as an art form in and of itself, so it’s no wonder many modern diarists are drawn to leather journals. If you purchase an independently reviewed product or service through a link on our website, Rolling Stone may receive an affiliate commission. But most of the system is is buried…manholes are more just access points for equipment.” A lot of the system is remote monitored however, and a control center keeps tabs on the system 24/7. So if there’s a leak or something in the manhole, then most of the time we can get in there and just repair it in that manner. Cuomo says, “There’s only one way to access it and it’s by digging. In terms of maintenance, the only way to access the pipe system is by digging, like a lot of other utilities in New York City. So you can be getting steam from our East River station, or you can be getting steam for whatever other stations at any time of the day.”Ĭon Edison isn’t currently looking to extend the steam system but they are always looking to bring on more customers within the steam grid. There’s no specific plant that services a specific section of the city, the grid is fully interconnected. The system is a 105-mile long piping network interconnected grid so a customer can get steam from any one of our locations at any time. It is dispatched and released into the system. It’s monitored very closely by our control center and all control rooms at each location. That natural gas is burned, the water with pure H20 is heated, and it is heated to a certain pressure and temperature. We only use fuel oil in the dead of winter if there’s a natural gas shortage or emergency, otherwise we are natural gas all the time. Then that goes into either a boiler and one of our more traditional plants, or goes into our Co-Gen system… We add fuel (our fuel is 97% natural gas). It also requires far less equipment, so buildings that have limited basement space or value their basement space or want to reduce maintenance staff may opt for steam power.Įxplaining how a steam plant works, Cuomo says that at a basic level, “We bring in water. “ConEd steam service has the lowest carbon emissions intensity per unit of energy delivered compared to all other options available to the buildings of Manhattan,” says Cuomo, who explains that there has been increased interest in steam for environmental reasons in recent years.īesides being a cleaner form of energy, steam can also allow businesses such as hospitals to allocate traditional electric energy and add more MRI machines or live-saving equipment. A co-generation plant uses just one fuel source and produces both electricity and steam, making it a very efficient mode of energy production. Steam, which represents just a small single-digit percentage of Con Edison’s revenue, is produced in various steam plants as well as in co-generation plants, located inside privately and publicly owned buildings and complexes like One Bryant Park. This then gets transported into the Manhattan steam grid through a pipe under the East River. Although the system does not extend to Brooklyn, there is a co-generation plant at the Brooklyn Navy Yard from which Con Edison does buy steam. On the west side, it extends all the way to 96th Street and on the east side, it extends to 89th Street. It spreads north through Manhattan, and it goes on both sides of Central Park. New York City’s steam system starts in the Financial District, with the first steam plant located on the site of the current World Trade Center. Con Edison steam stacks in Greenwich Village. Steam rises naturally, so it enabled buildings to get heated without using additional energy to get the heat to rise up. “Essentially the steam system was born in the Battery of Manhattan and continued to grow upwards all the way to today,” says Cuomo. Andrews and others took the concept of district energy put forth by Holly and applied it to Manhattan. New York City was in the midst of the early skyscraper boom, and engineers were figuring out how to heat tall buildings. And one in particular, Wallace Andrews, took the idea and brought it to New York City.” And they started their own little distribution system in Lockport, New York…His invention got some of the investors and developers in New York City, and they went to visit him. When he tested some things out, and when he saw it was successful, he actually started heating his neighbors’ homes. Though New York City has the oldest and largest steam system in an American city, the technology actually started in Lockport, a town in northern New York north of Buffalo and east of Niagara Falls.Ĭuomo explains that an inventor and engineer named Birdsill Holly discovered in 1877 that he could “generate steam in his basement to heat his home. Cuomo tells us that this year marks the 139th birthday of the steam system in New York City, which was installed in March of 1882. Prior to Con Edison, he was a consulting engineer who designed building systems for heating, cooling and air conditioning. Frank Cuomo has been with the Con Edison steam operations for the past 11 years. |
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